In MG, the underlyings were short positions in long-term forward contracts to deliver oil. The hedge was a stack-and-roll hedge: long positions in short-term futures contracts that were rolled over consecutively. The strategy depended on the continuation of (i) stable or gently increasing spot oil prices and (ii) backwardation
SaR is value at risk (VaR) for a pension fund.
The best hedge is based on portfolio volatility in the mean-variance framework. Specifically, 1. Given a current portfolio with value (W), and 2. Given an asset (A) with correlation (rho) to the portfolio, 3. What is the trade that produces the minimum volatility for the new portfolio (W+a)?
RAPMs are variations of: return per unit of risk. Treynor and Sharpe are similar: both are excess return per unit of risk. Treynor defines risk as systematic risk (beta) and is therefore appropriate to well-diversified portfolios (i.e., into such portfolios idiosyncratic risk is eliminated); Sharpe defines risk as total risk (volatility). Jensen’s alpha is outperformance relative to expected performance under CAPM.
The security market line (SML) plots the expected return of an asset (or portfolio) as a function of the asset's beta.
The capital market line is determined by a mix of: the riskfree asset and the market portfolio. The market portfolio, in turn, consists of all risky assets (this example has only two assets).
This is a review which follows Jorion's (Chapter 7) calculation of marginal value at risk (marginal VaR). Marginal VaR requires that we calculate the beta of a position with respect to the portfolio.
The very traditional (mean-variance) two asset portfolio volatility is largely a function of asset correlation/covariance.
The next building block is mapping transitional probabilities to standard normal variables; then using a bivariate normal to capture joint probabilities of default
The bivariate normal distribution (common in credit risk) gives the joint probability for two normally distributed random variables
A review of the method used in the first building block of CreditMetrics, a ratings-based credit risk portfolio model
The key idea in valuing a CDS is a fair deal: the (probability-adjusted) expected PAYMENTS (i.e., made by protection buyer) should equal the expected PAYOFF (contingent, made by seller)
There are three approaches to operational risk in Basel II: basic indicator (BIA), standardized (SA), and advanced measurement approach (AMA). BIA is alpha (15%) of the bank’s total gross operating income (GOI). SA weights the charge by business line (12%, 15% or 18% depending on the business line)
For secured (collateralized) exposures, the simple approach to CRM substitutes the risk-weight of the collateral (i.e., it operates on the risk-weight term of the formula). For secured (collateralized) exposures, the comprehensive approach adjusts the net exposure (i.e., it operated on the exposure term of the formula).
09:15
Basel internal ratings-based (IRB) risk weight function
Basel's IRB determines a capital charge (K) = Credit Value at Risk (CVaR) @ 99.9% – Expected Loss (UL). This function is estimating an unexpected loss (UL).
07:14
Standard approach to credit risk under Basel II
The standard approach is a lookup table based on (i) external credit rating and (ii) the type of counterparty.
Quick overview of Basel II framework that sets capital requirements for banks. Three pillars contains the rules & support (supervisor review, market discipline) that say how much eligible regulatory capital must be held against risk-weighted assets.
A brief review of Crouhy’s approach to setting the internal capital charge for market risk. Internal means to distinguish from regulatory (external) capital requirements such as Basel II.
An attempt to review the justification for Adjusted Risk-adjusted Return on Capital (ARAROC) which is a "second generation" RAROC. Spreadsheet can be downloaded at my website.
RAROC is a risk-adjusted performance measure (RAPM): risk-adjusted return divided by economic capital (i.e., the capital reserved to cover unexpected losses).
Not finding what you want? View results from YouTube.
Comments